Ostindien-Kompanie – Wikipedia

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Ostindien Company

Die britische Handelsgesellschaft der Ostindien-Kompanie annektierte einen ganzen Subkontinent. Ihr Vermächtnis ist noch heute zu spüren. Schau dir unsere Auswahl an east india company an, um die tollsten einzigartigen oder spezialgefertigten handgemachten Stücke aus unseren Shops für. Die East India Company war eine gegründete britische Handelsgesellschaft, die das Monopol im Indienhandel erhielt. Es entstand ein für die Briten ein.

Ostindien Company Kategorien

Die Britische Ostindien-Kompanie (British East India Company, BEIC), bis English East India Company (EIC), war eine Ostindien-Kompanie, die durch. Die Britische Ostindien-Kompanie, bis English East India Company, war eine Ostindien-Kompanie, die durch einen Freibrief entstand, den Königin Elisabeth I. einer Gruppe von reichen Londoner Kaufleuten am Dezember ausstellte. Ostindien-Kompanie. aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie. Zur Navigation springen Zur Suche springen. Die Ostindischen Kompanien waren in. Die britische Handelsgesellschaft der Ostindien-Kompanie annektierte einen ganzen Subkontinent. Ihr Vermächtnis ist noch heute zu spüren. Der Ostindien-Kompanie wurden beispiellose Befugnisse zuteil - ihr oblag die Jahrhundert wurde die East India Company schwer von Skandalen. von 34 Ergebnissen oder Vorschlägen für Bücher: "Ostindien-Kompanie". Überspringen und zu Haupt-Suchergebnisse gehen. Berechtigt zum. Ergänzend wirkte die East India Company im Jahrhundert als Katalysator für die britische Expansion in China. Der Ostindien-Kompanie.

Ostindien Company

Die East India Company war eine gegründete britische Handelsgesellschaft, die das Monopol im Indienhandel erhielt. Es entstand ein für die Briten ein. Many translated example sentences containing "British East India company" – German-English dictionary and search engine for German translations. Ergänzend wirkte die East India Company im Jahrhundert als Katalysator für die britische Expansion in China. Der Ostindien-Kompanie.

Ostindien Company Legnépszerűbb Video

Niederländische Ostindien-Kompanie

Dies verstärkte den Einfluss ihrer Lobby. Im Jahr wurde die Lizenz durch ein neuerliches Gesetz bis verlängert.

Im Jahr fürchtete die britische Regierung die finanziellen Auswirkungen eines Krieges und stimmte der Ausweitung des Handelsmonopols der Ostindien-Kompanie mit Indien bis zu.

Im Gegenzug erhielt sie einen weiteren Kredit von einer Million Pfund. Die Gefechte mündeten in dem befürchteten Krieg, und zwischen und lenkte der Siebenjährige Krieg die staatliche Aufmerksamkeit auf die Verstärkung und Verteidigung ihrer Territorien in Europa und Nordamerika.

Der Krieg fand auch auf dem indischen Subkontinent statt, zwischen den Truppen der Ostindien-Kompanie und französischen Streitkräften.

Die Nachfrage nach indischen Rohstoffen wurde durch den Bedarf der Wirtschaft und zur Unterhaltung der Truppen in Kriegszeiten angeschoben. Der Krieg endete mit einer Niederlage der französischen Streitkräfte und begrenzte die französischen imperialen Ambitionen.

Auch begrenzte die Niederlage den Einfluss der industriellen Revolution in den französischen Gebieten. Robert Clive, 1.

George von diesen zurück. Die Ostindien-Kompanie erfuhr jedoch weiterhin Widerstand von einheimischen Herrschern. Hierdurch beseitigte er den letzten nennenswerten Widerstand in Bengalen.

Dieser Sieg entfremdete die Briten und die Mogulkaiser , denen Siraj als autonomer Herrscher gedient hatte. Aber das Mogulkaiserreich befand sich nach dem Tod von Aurangzeb bereits im Niedergang und zerbrach in der Folge in Stücke und Enklaven.

So wurde Clive zum ersten britischen Gouverneur von Bengalen. Sie hatten sich mit den Franzosen verbündet und setzten ihren Kampf gegen die Kompanie mit den vier Kriegen von Mysore fort.

Dabei wurde Tipu erschlagen. Mit dem allmählichen Machtverlust des Marathenreichs in der Folge des Krieges mit den Briten sicherten sich diese Bombay und dessen Umgebung.

Ein besonders bemerkenswertes Zusammentreffen von Streitkräften unter seinem Kommando war die Schlacht von Assaye.

Damit sicherten sich die Briten das gesamte südliche Indien mit Ausnahme der französischen Enklaven und einiger einheimischer Herrscher , Westindien sowie Ostindien.

Die letzten Überreste der lokalen Verwaltung waren auf die nördlichen Regionen um Delhi, Avadh , Rajputana und Punjab begrenzt, wo sich die Präsenz der Kompanie inmitten der lokalen Auseinandersetzungen und zweifelhaften Schutzangeboten seitens der Kompanie immer weiter ausdehnte.

Drohungen und Diplomatie verhinderten, dass die einheimischen Herrscher sich gegen die Kompanie verbünden konnten. Obwohl die Ostindien-Kompanie bei der Unterwerfung widerspenstiger Staaten immer brutaler und ehrgeiziger vorging, wurde es von Tag zu Tag offensichtlicher, dass die Kompanie nicht in der Lage war, die riesigen neu erworbenen Gebiete zu verwalten.

Zur selben Zeit herrschte in ganz Europa wirtschaftliche Stagnation und Depression, ausgelöst durch die Nachwehen der industriellen Revolution.

Hierin baten sie um finanzielle Unterstützung. Durch die monopolistischen Aktivitäten wurde jedoch die Boston Tea Party ausgelöst. Dies war eines der wichtigsten Ereignisse, die später zum Amerikanischen Unabhängigkeitskrieg führten.

Die für Indien bestimmten Armeen als auch diejenigen der Ostindien-Kompanie wuchsen, und mit ihnen auch die Betriebskosten.

Die Kompanie wurde durch den Regulating Act for India gezwungen, sich einer Abfolge von Reformen der Verwaltung und der Wirtschaftlichkeit zu unterziehen.

Trotz hartnäckigen Widerstandes der Ostindien-Lobby im Parlament und durch die Anteilseigner der Kompanie wurde das Gesetz verabschiedet.

Es führte bedeutsame Kontrollen durch die Regierung ein und ermöglichte es, Land formal unter die Kontrolle der Krone zu stellen, danach jedoch auf zwei Jahre zur Pacht von Ihm unterstand die Verwaltung von ganz Britisch-Indien.

Diese sahen vor, dass seine Nominierung in Zukunft durch einen Viererrat geschehen sollte, der durch die Krone ernannt wurde.

Ihm wurde die Macht über Krieg und Frieden gegeben. Der Generalgouverneur und der Rat hatten damit vollständige legislative Kompetenzen. So wurde Warren Hastings zum ersten Generalgouverneur von Indien.

Der Ostindien-Kompanie wurde es erlaubt, ihr Handelsmonopol zu behalten. Auch die Verwaltungskosten mussten durch die Kompanie aufgebracht werden.

Sie setzten zur Durchsetzung ihrer Handelspolitik sowohl diplomatische als auch kriegerische Mittel ein. Deren Aufgabe lag darin, die Beziehungen zu den Herrschern und den lokalen Händlern zu pflegen und auf die Durchsetzung der vereinbarten Privilegien und Handelsspannen zu achten.

Die Ostindischen Kompanien sind in der Reihenfolge ihrer Gründung:. Insbesondere die beiden erstgenannten Kompanien haben im Verlaufe ihrer Geschichte welthistorische Bedeutung erlangt.

Britische Ostindien-Kompanie — gegründet die Niederländische Ostindien-Kompanie — gegründet die Dänische Ostindien-Kompanie — gegründet die Schwedische Ostindien-Kompanie — gegründet , geändert die Portugiesische Ostindien-Kompanie — gegründet die Französische Ostindien-Kompanie — gegründet die Kaiserliche Ostindische Kompanie — gegründet und aufgelöst durch den habsburgischen Kaiser Karl VI.

Demand for Indian commodities was boosted by the need to sustain the troops and the economy during the war, and by the increased availability of raw materials and efficient methods of production.

As home to the revolution, Britain experienced higher standards of living. Its spiralling cycle of prosperity, demand and production had a profound influence on overseas trade.

The company became the single largest player in the British global market. In Henry Dundas reported to the House of Commons that.

Sir John Banks , a businessman from Kent who negotiated an agreement between the king and the company, began his career in a syndicate arranging contracts for victualling the navy , an interest he kept up for most of his life.

Outstanding debts were also agreed and the company permitted to export tons of saltpetre. So high was the demand from armed forces that the authorities sometimes turned a blind eye on the untaxed sales.

One governor of the company was even reported as saying in that he would rather have the saltpetre made than the tax on salt.

The Seven Years' War — resulted in the defeat of the French forces, limited French imperial ambitions, and stunted the influence of the Industrial Revolution in French territories.

The company took this respite to seize Manila in Although these small outposts remained French possessions for the next two hundred years, French ambitions on Indian territories were effectively laid to rest, thus eliminating a major source of economic competition for the company.

The East India Company had also been granted competitive advantages over colonial American tea importers to sell tea from its colonies in Asia in American colonies.

This led to the Boston Tea Party in which protesters boarded British ships and threw the tea overboard.

When protesters successfully prevented the unloading of tea in three other colonies and in Boston, Governor Thomas Hutchinson of the Province of Massachusetts Bay refused to allow the tea to be returned to Britain.

This was one of the incidents which led to the American revolution and independence of the American colonies. In its first century and half, the EIC used a few hundred soldiers as guards.

The great expansion came after , when it had 3, regular troops. By , it had 26,; by , it had 67, It recruited largely Indian troops and trained them along European lines.

Because of this, the EIC became the most powerful military force in the Indian subcontinent. As it increased in size, the army was divided into the Presidency Armies of Bengal , Madras and Bombay , each of which recruited its own infantry , cavalry , and artillery units.

The navy also grew significantly, vastly expanding its fleet. Although heavily armed merchant vessels, called East Indiamen, composed most of the fleet, it also included warships.

The company, fresh from a colossal victory, and with the backing of its own private, well-disciplined, and experienced army, was able to assert its interests in the Carnatic region from its base at Madras and in Bengal from Calcutta, without facing any further obstacles from other colonial powers.

It continued to experience resistance from local rulers during its expansion. Robert Clive led company forces against Siraj Ud Daulah , the last independent Nawab of Bengal, Bihar , and Midnapore district in Odisha to victory at the Battle of Plassey in , resulting in the conquest of Bengal.

That led to the Battle of Buxar. Having sided with the French during the Revolutionary War, the rulers of Mysore continued their struggle against the company with the four Anglo-Mysore Wars.

Mysore finally fell to the company forces in , in the fourth Anglo-Mysore war during which Tipu Sultan was killed. The last vestiges of local administration were restricted to the northern regions of Delhi, Oudh , Rajputana , and Punjab , where the company's presence was ever increasing amidst infighting and offers of protection among the remaining princes.

The hundred years from the Battle of Plassey in to the Indian Rebellion of were a period of consolidation for the company, during which it seized control of the entire Indian subcontinent and functioned more as an administrator and less as a trading concern.

A cholera pandemic began in Bengal, then spread across India by In the early 19th century the Indian question of geopolitical dominance and empire holding remained with the East India Company.

Within the Army, British officers, who initially trained at the company's own academy at the Addiscombe Military Seminary , always outranked Indians, no matter how long the Indians' service.

The highest rank to which an Indian soldier could aspire was Subadar-Major or Risaldar-Major in cavalry units , effectively a senior subaltern equivalent.

Promotion for both British and Indian soldiers was strictly by seniority, so Indian soldiers rarely reached the commissioned ranks of Jamadar or Subadar before they were middle aged at best.

They received no training in administration or leadership to make them independent of their British officers. They were taken by the British in a hard fought campaign by and the French threat defeated.

In the middle of the Colonial Governor of India, the 1st Earl of Minto wanted to conquer the lucrative Dutch owned Spice islands famous for nutmeg, mace and cloves.

For the EIC the occupation of these islands meant not only a curtailment of Dutch and French trade and power in the East Indies but also an equivalent gain to the company of the rich trade in spice.

In the islands including Banda Neira , Ambon and Ternate fell to a British invasion with little loss. The British held on to the islands until the end of the war — the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of meant that they were handed back to the Dutch.

The EIC nevertheless had uprooted a lot of the spice trees for transplantation throughout the British Empire.

By the s the EIC had established a number of spice gardens in Penang ; by the gardens had significantly expanded to 13, nutmeg trees and as many as 20, clove trees.

There was a systemic disrespect in the company for the spreading of Protestantism , although it fostered respect for Hindu and Muslim , castes , and ethnic groups.

The growth of tensions between the EIC and the local religious and cultural groups grew in the 19th century as the Protestant revival grew in Great Britain.

These tensions erupted at the Indian Rebellion of and the company ceased to exist when the company dissolved through the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act In the 18th century, Britain had a huge trade deficit with China.

Therefore, in , the company created a British monopoly on opium buying in Bengal , India, by prohibiting the licensing of opium farmers and private cultivation.

The monopoly system established in continued with minimal changes until So the opium produced in Bengal was sold in Calcutta on condition that it be sent to China.

The proceeds of the drug-smugglers landing their cargoes at Lintin Island were paid into the company's factory at Canton and by , most of the money needed to buy tea in China was raised by the illegal opium trade.

The company established a group of trading settlements centred on the Straits of Malacca called the Straits Settlements in to protect its trade route to China and to combat local piracy.

The settlements were also used as penal settlements for Indian civilian and military prisoners. In with the amount of smuggled opium entering China approaching 1, tons a year, the Chinese imposed a death penalty for opium smuggling and sent a Special Imperial Commissioner, Lin Zexu , to curb smuggling.

This resulted in the First Opium War — After the war Hong Kong island was ceded to Britain under the Treaty of Nanking and the Chinese market opened to the opium traders of Britain and other nations.

Legalisation stimulated domestic Chinese opium production and increased the importation of opium from Turkey and Persia.

This increased competition for the Chinese market led to India's reducing its opium output and diversifying its exports.

The British government issues a series of regulations over the years. The company employed many junior clerks, known as "writers", to record the details of accounting, managerial decisions, and activities related to the company, such as minutes of meetings, copies of Company orders and contracts, and filings of reports and copies of ship's logs.

The company kept good financial statistics. Although the company was becoming increasingly bold and ambitious in putting down resisting states, it was becoming clearer that the company was incapable of governing the vast expanse of the captured territories.

The Bengal famine of , in which one-third of the local population died, caused distress in Britain. Military and administrative costs mounted beyond control in British-administered regions in Bengal because of the ensuing drop in labour productivity.

At the same time, there was commercial stagnation and trade depression throughout Europe. The directors of the company attempted to avert bankruptcy by appealing to Parliament for financial help.

This led to the passing of the Tea Act in , which gave the company greater autonomy in running its trade in the American colonies, and allowed it an exemption from tea import duties which its colonial competitors were required to pay.

When the American colonists and tea merchants were told of this Act, they boycotted the company tea. Although the price of tea had dropped because of the Act, it also validated the Townshend Acts , setting the precedent for the king to impose additional taxes in the future.

The arrival of tax-exempt Company tea, undercutting the local merchants, triggered the Boston Tea Party in the Province of Massachusetts Bay , one of the major events leading up to the American Revolution.

By the Regulating Act of later known as the East India Company Act , the Parliament of Great Britain imposed a series of administrative and economic reforms; this clearly established Parliament's sovereignty and ultimate control over the company.

The Act recognised the company's political functions and clearly established that the " acquisition of sovereignty by the subjects of the Crown is on behalf of the Crown and not in its own right".

Despite stiff resistance from the East India lobby in Parliament and from the company's shareholders, the Act passed.

Under the Act's most important provision, a governing Council composed of five members was created in Calcutta. The three members nominated by Parliament and representing the government's interest could, and invariably would, outvote the two Company members.

The council was headed by Warren Hastings , the incumbent governor, who became the first governor-general of Bengal , with an ill-defined authority over the Bombay and Madras Presidencies.

Hastings was entrusted with the power of war and peace. British judges and magistrates would also be sent to India to administer the legal system.

The governor-general and the council would have complete legislative powers. The company was allowed to maintain its virtual monopoly over trade in exchange for the biennial sum and was obligated to export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain.

The costs of administration were to be met by the company. The company initially welcomed these provisions, but the annual burden of the payment contributed to the steady decline of its finances.

Pitt's Act was deemed a failure because it quickly became apparent that the boundaries between government control and the company's powers were nebulous and highly subjective.

The government felt obliged to respond to humanitarian calls for better treatment of local peoples in British-occupied territories.

Edmund Burke , a former East India Company shareholder and diplomat, was moved to address the situation and introduced a new Regulating Bill in The bill was defeated amid lobbying by company loyalists and accusations of nepotism in the bill's recommendations for the appointment of councillors.

The Act of 26 Geo. The Act enabled the offices of the governor-general and the commander-in-chief to be jointly held by the same official.

This Act clearly demarcated borders between the Crown and the company. After this point, the company functioned as a regularised subsidiary of the Crown, with greater accountability for its actions and reached a stable stage of expansion and consolidation.

Having temporarily achieved a state of truce with the Crown, the company continued to expand its influence to nearby territories through threats and coercive actions.

By the middle of the 19th century, the company's rule extended across most of India, Burma , Malaya , Singapore , and Hong Kong , and a fifth of the world's population was under its trading influence.

In addition, Penang Island , ceded from the Kedah Sultanate in Malaya, became the fourth most important settlement, a presidency, of the company's Indian territories.

In contrast with the legislative proposals of the previous two decades, the Act was not a particularly controversial measure, and made only minimal changes to the system of government in India and to British oversight of the company's activities.

Sale of liquor was forbidden without licence. It was pointed that the payment of the staff of the board of council should not be made from the Indian revenue.

The aggressive policies of Lord Wellesley and the Marquess of Hastings led to the company's gaining control of all India except for the Punjab and Sindh , and some part of the then kingdom of Nepal under the Sugauli Treaty.

The Indian princes had become vassals of the company. But the expense of wars leading to the total control of India strained the company's finances.

The company was forced to petition Parliament for assistance. This was the background to the Charter Act of which, among other things: [94].

The Act:. British influence continued to expand; in , Great Britain purchased the Danish colony of Tranquebar. The company had at various stages extended its influence to China, the Philippines, and Java.

It had solved its critical lack of cash needed to buy tea by exporting Indian-grown opium to China. China's efforts to end the trade led to the First Opium War — It also introduced a system of open competition as the basis of recruitment for civil servants of the company and thus deprived the directors of their patronage system.

Under the act, for the first time the legislative and executive powers of the governor-general's council were separated. It also added six additional members to the governor-general's executive committee.

The Indian Rebellion of also known as the Indian Mutiny or Sepoy Mutiny resulted in widespread devastation in India: many condemned the East India Company for permitting the events to occur.

The Crown took over its Indian possessions, its administrative powers and machinery, and its armed forces.

The company remained in existence in vestigial form, continuing to manage the tea trade on behalf of the British Government and the supply of Saint Helena until the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act came into effect, on 1 January This Act provided for the formal dissolution of the company on 1 June , after a final dividend payment and the commutation or redemption of its stock.

It accomplished a work such as in the whole history of the human race no other trading Company ever attempted, and such as none, surely, is likely to attempt in the years to come.

After occupying premises in Philpot Lane from to ; in Crosby House , Bishopsgate , from to ; and in Leadenhall Street from to , the company moved into Craven House, an Elizabethan mansion in Leadenhall Street.

The building had become known as East India House by It was completely rebuilt and enlarged in —; and further significantly remodelled and expanded in — It was finally vacated in and demolished in — The site is now occupied by the Lloyd's building.

In , the company decided to build its own ships and leased a yard on the River Thames at Deptford. By , the yard having become too small, an alternative site was acquired at Blackwall : the new yard was fully operational by It was sold in , although for some years East India Company ships continued to be built and repaired there under the new owners.

The docks were taken over by the Port of London Authority in , and closed in The East India College was founded in as a training establishment for "writers" i.

It was initially located in Hertford Castle , but moved in to purpose-built premises at Hertford Heath , Hertfordshire.

In the college closed; but in the buildings reopened as a public school , now Haileybury and Imperial Service College.

The East India Company Military Seminary was founded in at Addiscombe , near Croydon , Surrey, to train young officers for service in the company's armies in India.

It was based in Addiscombe Place, an early 18th-century mansion. The government took it over in , and renamed it the Royal Indian Military College.

In it was closed, and the site was subsequently redeveloped. In , the company entered into an agreement by which those of its servants who were certified insane in India might be cared for at Pembroke House, Hackney , London, a private lunatic asylum run by Dr George Rees until , and thereafter by Dr William Williams.

The arrangement outlasted the company itself, continuing until , when the India Office opened its own asylum, the Royal India Asylum , at Hanwell , Middlesex.

The East India Club in London was formed in for officers of the company. The Club still exists today as a private gentlemen's club with its club house situated at 16 St.

James's Square , London. The East India Company was one of the most powerful and enduring organisations in history and had a long lasting impact on the Indian Subcontinent, with both positive and harmful effects.

Although dissolved by the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act following the rebellion of , it stimulated the growth of the British Empire.

Its professionally trained armies rose to dominate the sub-continent and were to become the armies of British India after It played a key role in introducing English as an official language in India.

This also led to Macaulayism in the Indian subcontinent. Once the East India Company took over Bengal in the treaty of Allahabad it collected taxes which it used to further its expansion to the rest of India and did not have to rely on venture capital from London.

It returned a high profit to those who risked original money for earlier ventures into Bengal. During the first century of the East India Company's expansion in India, most people in India lived under regional kings or Nawabs.

By the late 18th century many Moghuls were weak in comparison to the rapidly expanding Company as it took over cities and land, and built roads, bridges and railways.

Work began in on the first railway, the Great Indian Peninsula Railway , running for 21 miles The increasingly large territory the company was annexing and collecting taxes was also run by the local Nawabs.

In essence, it was a dual administration. Between and Robert Clive gave the responsibility of tax collecting, diwani , to the Indian deputy and judicial and police responsibilities to other Indian deputies.

The Company concentrated its new power of collecting revenue and left the responsibilities to the Indian agencies. The East India Company took the beginning steps of British takeover of power in India for centuries to come.

In , the company made Warren Hastings , who had been in India with the Company since , its first governor-general to manage and overview all of the annexed lands.

The dual administration system came to an end. Hastings learned Urdu and Persian and took great interest in preserving ancient Sanskrit manuscripts and having them translated into English.

He employed many Indians as officials. Hastings used Sanskrit texts for Hindus and Arabic texts for Muslims.

This is still used in Pakistani and Bangladeshi courts today in civil law. Hastings also annexed lands and kingdoms and enriched himself in the process.

His enemies in London used this against him to have him impeached. See Impeachment of Warren Hastings. Charles Cornwallis , widely remembered as having surrendered to George Washington following the Siege of Yorktown in , replaced Hastings.

Cornwallis distrusted Indians and replaced Indians with Britons. He introduced a system of personal land ownership for Indians. This change caused much conflict since most illiterate people had no idea why they suddenly became land renters from land owners.

The Mughals, Marathas and other local rulers often had to choose to fight against the company and lose everything or cooperate with the company and receive a big pension but lose their Empires or Kingdoms.

The British East India Company gradually took over most of India by threat, intimidation, bribery or outright war.

The East India Company was the first company to record the Chinese usage of orange-flavoured tea, which led to the development of Earl Grey tea.

The East India Company introduced a system of merit-based appointments that provided a model for the British and Indian civil service.

Ostindien Company - Lizenz-Modelle

Zunächst rüstete man mit Sie entstanden im Edmund Burke, ein früherer Anteilseigner der Ostindien-Kompanie und Diplomat fühlte sich veranlasst, die Situation durch das Einbringen einer India Bill zu entschärfen. National Geographic. Die East India Company war eine gegründete britische Handelsgesellschaft, die das Monopol im Indienhandel erhielt. Es entstand ein für die Briten ein. Many translated example sentences containing "British East India company" – German-English dictionary and search engine for German translations. Ausstattung: 1 Spielbrett, 5 Schiffe, 4 Warensteine, 2 Spezialwürfel, 50 Bewegungskarten, 32 Warenkarten, Geldscheine, 1 Block Aufmachung: Das. Schau dir unsere Auswahl an east india company an, um die tollsten einzigartigen oder spezialgefertigten handgemachten Stücke aus unseren Shops für.

Ostindien Company Der Weg von der Ostindien-Kompanie zum Kolonialismus Video

How did British occupied India? - British India Timeline - British East India Company - Eclectic Ostindien Company

Beide Gesellschaften fusionierten im Jahr unter einem dreiseitigen Abkommen zwischen dem Staat und den zwei Gesellschaften. Geschichte und Kultur. Hierin baten sie Jacky Chan Filme finanzielle Unterstützung. Sogenannte Faktoren oder Interessenvertreter etablierten vor Ort Handelsniederlassungen. Die Gesellschaft florierte dank eines Faktorei-Systems. Diesem Abkommen zufolge lieh Home Again 2019 fusionierte Gesellschaft dem Finanzministerium eine Summe von 3. Trotz allem geriet sie unter Druck ehrgeiziger Geschäftsleute und früherer Partner der Kompanie abschätzig von der Kompanie Gesprächspartner genanntdie ebenfalls private Das Haus Am Ende Der Straße in Indien etablieren wollten.

The English company opened a factory in Bantam on Java on its first voyage, and imports of pepper from Java remained an important part of the company's trade for twenty years.

The Bantam factory closed in Company ships docked at Surat in Gujarat in The company established its first Indian factory in at Masulipatam on the Andhra Coast of the Bay of Bengal ; and a second at Surat in The high profits reported by the company after landing in India initially prompted James I to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England.

However, in he renewed the East India Company's charter for an indefinite period, with the proviso that its privileges would be annulled if trade was unprofitable for three consecutive years.

English traders frequently engaged in hostilities with their Dutch and Portuguese counterparts in the Indian Ocean.

The company achieved a major victory over the Portuguese in the Battle of Swally in , at Suvali in Surat. The company decided to explore the feasibility of gaining a territorial foothold in mainland India, with official sanction from both Britain and the Mughal Empire , and requested that the Crown launch a diplomatic mission.

In return, the company offered to provide the Emperor with goods and rarities from the European market. This mission was highly successful, and Jahangir sent a letter to James through Sir Thomas Roe: [40].

Upon which assurance of your royal love I have given my general command to all the kingdoms and ports of my dominions to receive all the merchants of the English nation as the subjects of my friend; that in what place soever they choose to live, they may have free liberty without any restraint; and at what port soever they shall arrive, that neither Portugal nor any other shall dare to molest their quiet; and in what city soever they shall have residence, I have commanded all my governors and captains to give them freedom answerable to their own desires; to sell, buy, and to transport into their country at their pleasure.

For confirmation of our love and friendship, I desire your Majesty to command your merchants to bring in their ships of all sorts of rarities and rich goods fit for my palace; and that you be pleased to send me your royal letters by every opportunity, that I may rejoice in your health and prosperous affairs; that our friendship may be interchanged and eternal.

The company, which benefited from the imperial patronage, soon expanded its commercial trading operations. In , the Mughal emperor Jahangir extended his hospitality to the English traders to the region of Bengal , [42] and in completely waived customs duties for their trade.

The company's mainstay businesses were by then cotton, silk, indigo dye , saltpetre , and tea. The Dutch were aggressive competitors and had meanwhile expanded their monopoly of the spice trade in the Straits of Malacca by ousting the Portuguese in — The British East India Company was fiercely competitive with the Dutch and French throughout the 17th and 18th centuries over spices from the Spice Islands.

Spices, at the time, could only be found on these islands, such as pepper, ginger, nutmeg, cloves and cinnamon could bring profits as high as percent from one voyage.

The tension was so high between the Dutch and the British East Indies Trading Companies that it escalated into at least four Anglo-Dutch Wars between them: [44] —, —, — and — The Dutch Company maintained that profit must support the cost of war which came from trade which produced profit.

Competition arose in when Charles I granted a trading licence to Sir William Courteen , which permitted the rival Courteen association to trade with the east at any location in which the EIC had no presence.

In an act aimed at strengthening the power of the EIC, King Charles II granted the EIC in a series of five acts around the rights to autonomous territorial acquisitions, to mint money, to command fortresses and troops and form alliances, to make war and peace, and to exercise both civil and criminal jurisdiction over the acquired areas.

In a Mughal fleet commanded by Sidi Yaqub attacked Bombay. After a year of resistance the EIC surrendered in , and the company sent envoys to Aurangzeb 's camp to plead for a pardon.

The company's envoys had to prostrate themselves before the emperor, pay a large indemnity, and promise better behaviour in the future. The emperor withdrew his troops, and the company subsequently re-established itself in Bombay and set up a new base in Calcutta.

Eventually, the East India Company seized control of Bengal and slowly the whole Indian subcontinent with its private armies, composed primarily of Indian sepoys.

As historian William Dalrymple observes,. We still talk about the British conquering India, but that phrase disguises a more sinister reality. It was not the British government that seized India at the end of the 18th century, but a dangerously unregulated private company headquartered in one small office, five windows wide, in London, and managed in India by an unstable sociopath — [Robert] Clive.

The East India Company's own archives suggest that its involvement in the slave trade began in , when a Captain Robert Knox was tasked with purchasing slaves from Madagascar to be transported to St.

According to Bonnie Pinkston's paper, the East India company continued to use slaves across their territories until abolition.

This would be when the British India — Indian Slavery Act of came into force, [54] [55] and this is confirmed by the explicit exclusion of the East Indian Company's territories from the United Kingdoms Slavery Abolition Act of , abolishing slavery in most of the British Empire.

The East India Company did pass an Act in ending the transportation of new slaves into its territories. Professor Richard B.

The East India Company was facing financial difficulties, so an order came from the directors to purchase and transport these slaves.

In , during the rule of Tokugawa Hidetada of the Tokugawa shogunate , the British ship Clove , under the command of Captain John Saris , was the first British ship to call on Japan.

Saris was the chief factor of the EIC's trading post in Java , and with the assistance of William Adams , a British sailor who had arrived in Japan in , he was able to gain permission from the ruler to establish a commercial house in Hirado on the Japanese island of Kyushu :.

We give free license to the subjects of the King of Great Britaine, Sir Thomas Smythe, Governor and Company of the East Indian Merchants and Adventurers forever safely come into any of our ports of our Empire of Japan with their shippes and merchandise, without any hindrance to them or their goods, and to abide, buy, sell and barter according to their own manner with all nations, to tarry here as long as they think good, and to depart at their pleasure.

However, unable to obtain Japanese raw silk for import to China and with their trading area reduced to Hirado and Nagasaki from onwards, the company closed its factory in In September , Captain Henry Every , an English pirate on board the Fancy , reached the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb , where he teamed up with five other pirate captains to make an attack on the Indian fleet on return from the annual pilgrimage to Mecca.

The Mughal convoy included the treasure-laden Ganj-i-Sawai , reported to be the greatest in the Mughal fleet and the largest ship operational in the Indian Ocean, and its escort, the Fateh Muhammed.

They were spotted passing the straits en route to Surat. Every continued in pursuit and managed to overhaul Ganj-i-Sawai , which resisted strongly before eventually striking.

Ganj-i-Sawai carried enormous wealth and, according to contemporary East India Company sources, was carrying a relative of the Grand Mughal, though there is no evidence to suggest that it was his daughter and her retinue.

When the news arrived in England it caused an outcry. To appease Aurangzeb, the East India Company promised to pay all financial reparations, while Parliament declared the pirates hostis humani generis "enemies of the human race".

When the East India Company later doubled that reward, the first worldwide manhunt in recorded history was underway.

The plunder of Aurangzeb's treasure ship had serious consequences for the English East India Company. The furious Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb ordered Sidi Yaqub and Nawab Daud Khan to attack and close four of the company's factories in India and imprison their officers, who were almost lynched by a mob of angry Mughals , blaming them for their countryman's depredations, and threatened to put an end to all English trading in India.

To appease Emperor Aurangzeb and particularly his Grand Vizier Asad Khan, Parliament exempted Every from all of the Acts of Grace pardons and amnesties it would subsequently issue to other pirates.

English, Dutch and Danish factories at Mocha. An 18th-century depiction of Henry Every , with the Fancy shown engaging its prey in the background.

British pirates that fought during the Child's War engaging the Ganj-i-Sawai. The prosperity that the officers of the company enjoyed allowed them to return to Britain and establish sprawling estates and businesses, and to obtain political power.

The company developed a lobby in the English parliament. Under pressure from ambitious tradesmen and former associates of the company pejoratively termed Interlopers by the company , who wanted to establish private trading firms in India, a deregulating act was passed in This allowed any English firm to trade with India, unless specifically prohibited by act of parliament, thereby annulling the charter that had been in force for almost years.

The two companies wrestled with each other for some time, both in England and in India, for a dominant share of the trade. It quickly became evident that, in practice, the original company faced scarcely any measurable competition.

The companies merged in , by a tripartite indenture involving both companies and the state, with the charter and agreement for the new United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies being awarded by Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin.

In the following decades there was a constant battle between the company lobby and Parliament. The company sought a permanent establishment, while Parliament would not willingly allow it greater autonomy and so relinquish the opportunity to exploit the company's profits.

In , another act renewed the status of the company, though the debts were repaid. The licence was prolonged until by yet another act in At this time, Britain and France became bitter rivals.

Frequent skirmishes between them took place for control of colonial possessions. Between and , the Seven Years' War diverted the state's attention towards consolidation and defence of its territorial possessions in Europe and its colonies in North America.

The war took place on Indian soil, between the company troops and the French forces. In , the Law Officers of the Crown delivered the Pratt—Yorke opinion distinguishing overseas territories acquired by right of conquest from those acquired by private treaty.

The opinion asserted that, while the Crown of Great Britain enjoyed sovereignty over both, only the property of the former was vested in the Crown.

With the advent of the Industrial Revolution , Britain surged ahead of its European rivals. Demand for Indian commodities was boosted by the need to sustain the troops and the economy during the war, and by the increased availability of raw materials and efficient methods of production.

As home to the revolution, Britain experienced higher standards of living. Its spiralling cycle of prosperity, demand and production had a profound influence on overseas trade.

The company became the single largest player in the British global market. In Henry Dundas reported to the House of Commons that. Sir John Banks , a businessman from Kent who negotiated an agreement between the king and the company, began his career in a syndicate arranging contracts for victualling the navy , an interest he kept up for most of his life.

One governor of the company was even reported as saying in that he would rather have the saltpetre made than the tax on salt.

The Seven Years' War — resulted in the defeat of the French forces, limited French imperial ambitions, and stunted the influence of the Industrial Revolution in French territories.

The East India Company had also been granted competitive advantages over colonial American tea importers to sell tea from its colonies in Asia in American colonies.

This led to the Boston Tea Party in which protesters boarded British ships and threw the tea overboard. When protesters successfully prevented the unloading of tea in three other colonies and in Boston, Governor Thomas Hutchinson of the Province of Massachusetts Bay refused to allow the tea to be returned to Britain.

This was one of the incidents which led to the American revolution and independence of the American colonies.

In its first century and half, the EIC used a few hundred soldiers as guards. The great expansion came after , when it had 3, regular troops.

By , it had 26,; by , it had 67, It recruited largely Indian troops and trained them along European lines. Because of this, the EIC became the most powerful military force in the Indian subcontinent.

As it increased in size, the army was divided into the Presidency Armies of Bengal , Madras and Bombay , each of which recruited its own infantry , cavalry , and artillery units.